HOW DOES THE INTERNET WORK- KNOW HOW INTERNET WORK 2020-2021 ?

How does the internet work? The article you are reading now traveled thousands of miles from a Google Data Center to

reach you. Let's learn how the internet works by getting to understand the details of this data's incredible journey.

The data center which can be thousands of miles away from you has your article stored inside it. how does this data

reach your mobile phone or a laptop? An easy way to achieve this goal would be with use of satellites. From the data

center, a signal could be sent to the satellite via an antenna, and then from the satellite a signal could be sent to

your mobile phone via another antenna near to you. However, this way of transmitting signals is not a good idea. Let's see

why.

The satellite is parked nearly 22,000 miles above the earth's equator, so in order for the data transmission to be

successful, the data would have to travel a total distance of 44,000 miles. Such a long distance of travel causes

significant delay in receiving the signal. More specifically it causes huge latency which is unacceptable for most

internet applications so if this article does not reach you via a satellite then how does it actually get to you? Well

it is done with the help of a complicated network of optical fiber cables, which connect between the data center and your

device. Your phone could be connected to the internet via cellular data or any Wi-Fi router, but ultimately at some

point your phone will be connected to this network of optical fiber cables We saw at the beginning that the article you are

currently reading is stored inside a data center. To be more specific, it is stored in as olid-state device within the

data center. This SSD acts as the internal memory of a server. The server is simply a powerful computer whose job is to

provide you the video or other stored content when you request it. Now the challenge is how to transfer the data stored

in the data center specifically to your device via the complex network of optical fiber cables. Let's see how this is

done. Before proceeding further we should first understand an important concept which is the concept of an IP address.

Every device that is connected to the Internet whether it is a server a computer or a mobile phone is identified

uniquely by a string of numbers known as an IP address. 

You can consider the IP address similar to your home address that is the

address,that uniquely identifies your home. Any letter sent to you reaches you precisely because of your home address.

Similarly in the internet world an IPaddress acts as a shipping address through which all information reaches its

destination. Your internet service provider will decide the IP address of your device and you are able to see what IP

address your ISP has given to your mobile phone or laptop. The server in the data center also has an IP address. The

server stores a website so you can access any website just by knowing the server's IP address. However, it is difficult

for a person to remember so many IP addresses. So to solve this problem domain names like youtube.com, facebook.com etc

are used which correspond to IP addresses which are easier for us to remember than the long sequence of numbers Another

thing to notice here is that a server has the capability of storing several websites and if the server consists of

multiple websites all the websites cannot be accessed with the server's IP address. In such cases additional pieces of

information, host headers are used to uniquely identify the website. However, for the giant web sites like Facebook.com

or YouTube.com the entire data center infrastructure will be dedicated to the storage of the particular website. To

access the internet we always used main names instead of the complex IP address numbers.

From where does the internet get IP addresses corresponding to our domain name requests. Well, for this purpose the internet uses a huge phone book

known as DNS. If you know a person's name, but don't know their telephone number you can simply look it up in a phone

book. The DNS server provides the same service to the internet. Your internet service provider or other organizations

can manage the DNS server. Let's have a recap of the whole operation. You enter the domain name, the browser sends a

request to the DNSserver to get the corresponding IP address. After getting the IP address, your browser simply forwards

the request to the data center, more specifically to the respective server. Once the server gets a request to access a

particular website the data flow starts. The data is transferred in digital format via optical fiber cables, more

specifically in the form of light pulses. These light pulses sometimes have to travel thousands of miles via theoptical

fiber cable to reach their destination. During their journey they often have to go through tough terrains such as hilly

areas or under the sea. There are a few global companies who lay and maintain these optical cablenet works. These

visuals show how the laying of optical fiber cables is done with the help of a ship.

A plow is dropped deep into the sea from the optical cable network is the backbone of the Internet. These optical fiber cables carrying the light are stretched

across the seabed toyour doorstep where they are connected to a router. The router converts these light signals to

electrical signals. An Ethernet cable is then used to transmit the electrical signals to your laptop. However if you are

accessing the Internet using cellular data, from the optical cable the signal has to be sent to a cell tower and from

the cell tower the signal reaches your cell phone in the form of electromagnetic waves. Since the Internet is a global

network it has become important to have an organization to manage things like IPaddress assignment, domain name

registration etc this is all managed by an google Data Center is sent to you in the form of a huge collection of zeros and ones.

What makes the data transfer in the internet efficient is the way in which these zeros and ones are chopped up into

small chunks known as packets and transmitted. Let's assume these streams of zeros and ones are divided into different

packets by the server where each packet consists of six bits. Along with the bits of the each packet also consists

of the sequence number and the IP addresses of the server and your phone. With this information the packets are routed

towards your phone. It's not necessary that all packets are routed through the same path and each packet independently

takes the best route available at that time. Upon reaching your phone the packets are reassembled according to their

sequence number. If it is the case that any packets fail to reach your phone and acknowledgement is sent from your phone

to resend the lost packets. Now compare this with a postal network with a good infrastructure, but the customers do not

follow the basic rules regarding the destination addresses. In this scenario letters won't be able to reach the correct

destination. Similarly in the internet we use something called protocols for the management of this complex flow of

data packets. The protocols set the rules for data packet conversion, attachment of the source and destination addresses

to each packet and the rules for routers etc for different applications the protocols used are different. We hope this

article has given you a good understanding about how the internetworks, more specifically about the amazing journey of

data packets from the data center to your mobile phone. Please don't forget to support us.

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